Facts and Storytelling in Historical Fiction

Realities and Storytelling in Historical Fiction At the point when I started composing my new novel about Amelia Earhart’s a days ago, The Canary, I realized it needed to begin with her as a castaway on a desolate Pacific island. Be that as it may, with her guide, Fred Noonan, effectively dead, there was a distinctly little cast of characters. Having Amelia converse with herself interminably would turn out to be unendingly monotonous. Some examination and a sudden disclosure acted the hero. Here’s what I knew: in view of ongoing discoveries, there is proof proposing Earhart may have made a constrained arriving on a small atoll’s reef †Gardner Island. The more I investigated it, the more conceivable it appeared. That propelled me to fictionalize her last days. The initial pages were simple: Amelia alone on an island with no dependable water source aside from water and no food other than little fowls, turtles, and armies of coconut crabs. In any case, rapidly I realized the book must be something other than a courageous young lady and her psychological and physical crumbling. As I looked more into youthful Amelia’s life to find a composing voice for her, I took in she had moved from St. Paul, Minnesota, to Hyde Park in Chicago to complete her last year of secondary school, in 1914-15. This was before she had contemplated flying. The disclosure made me consider who she was back then and soon I was doing a Google search of Hyde Park on Chicago’s close to south side, a spot I once visited to hear a writer read, and the area of President Obama’s house. As I gazed at the guide of Hyde Park and envisioned youthful Amelia strolling to class and afterward home again to think about her sickly mother, my eyes floated west, to the suburb of Oak Park, and I had my revelation: Though they never met, Earhart and Hemingway went through a time of school just a couple of miles from one another. Ernest was then 15 and Amelia was around 17. Unexpectedly I recognized what the book required †an inside story wherein Amelia affectionately recalls her Hyde Park days and a yearlong kinship with the youthful Hemingway. The Canary improved as a novel than it would have on the grounds that I was available to how realities covered in quiet history gave it the voices it required. In the event that you are composing recorded fiction, here’s the exercise. Being precise is significant. I needed to do a great deal of checking to ensure I portrayed Hemingway and Earhart with verifiable exactness, despite the fact that they never met. At the point when they went to a ball game, it must be at Weeghman Park and not Wrigley Field, on the grounds that Wrigley was called Weeghman in 1914. The Cubs didn’t even play there. It was home to the Chicago Whales. Composing recorded fiction implies getting the history encompassing your characters right, however it’s likewise a chance to not be shackled

Seed Tree and Shelterwood Harvesting Methods

Seed Tree and Shelterwood Harvesting Methods Indeed matured Harvesting Methods Many tree species don't endure significant shade during the beginning times of advancement. These stages incorporate early seedling germination, improvement and sapling development stable enough to contend in mid-canopy. These tree species must have some light for recovering and guaranteeing future even-matured represents that species. The greater part of these timber types are generally coniferous with a couple of exemptions. Financially significant trees that need light to normally recover another remain of similar species makes up a significant piece of even-matured gathering plans by foresters. The regenerative administration of these trees in North America incorporates jack pine, loblolly pine, longleaf pine, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, cut pine. Remarkable narrow minded hardwood species incorporate numerous important business oaks in addition to yellow-poplar and sweetgum. A few reforestation frameworks and collecting strategies can be utilized to make even-matured stands.â While explicit medications change over the U.S. by tree species and atmosphere, the essential frameworks are clearcutting, seed tree and shelterwood. Shelterwood Indeed matured stands must recover underneath the shade gave by develop trees left from the past stand.  It is a significant gather conspire utilized in all locales of the United States. This incorporates recovering loblolly pine in the South, Eastern white pine in the Northeast and ponderosa pine in the West. Setting up a commonplace shelterwood condition could incorporate three potential kinds of cuttings: 1) a primer slice may be made to choose high yielding trees to leave for seed creation; 2) a foundation cut can be made that readies an uncovered soil seed-bedâ as well as trees that give seed not long before seed fall; or potentially 3) an expulsion cut of overstory seed trees that have set up seedlings and saplings however would be in rivalry whenever left to grow.â In this way, a shelterwood reap would be done to leave seed-delivering trees consistently all through the remain, in gatherings, or strips and, contingent upon seedâ crop and species, can have somewhere in the range of 40 and 100 yield trees.â As with seed tree harvests,â shelterwoodsâ are once in a while interplanted to enhance characteristic seeding.â Red and white oak, the southern pines, whiteâ pine,â and sugar maple are instances of tree species that might be recovered utilizing the shelterwood collecting strategy. Here are explicit shelterwood terms that further clarify this gathering technique: Shelterwood Cut - Removing trees on theâ harvestâ area in a progression of at least two cuttings so new seedlings can develop from the seed of more seasoned trees. This strategy creates an even-matured woodland. Shelterwood Loggingâ -Method of gathering timber with the goal that chose trees stay dispersed all through the tract to give seeds to recovery and sanctuary for seedlings. Shelterwood Systemâ -An even-agedâ silvicultural conspire in which another stand is built up under the insurance of a fractional shade of trees. The develop stand is commonly evacuated in a progression of at least two cuts, the last leaving another even-matured stand that is very much evolved. Seed Tree The seed tree reforestation strategy leaves solid, develop trees with a decent cone crop (normally 6 to 15 for each section of land) in the current remain to give seed to recovering another remain of trees.â Seed trees are ordinarily evacuated after recovery is built up, particularly when seedling levels are noteworthy enough toâ stand some logging misfortunes. It isn't irregular for a backwoods chief toâ leave the seed trees for untamed life or feel destinations. Be that as it may, the essential target of a seed tree recovery collect is to give a characteristic seed source. Counterfeit planting of nursery seedlings might be utilized to enhance territories where normal seeding was not adequate.â White pine, the southern pines and a few types of oak might be recovered utilizing the seed tree collecting technique. Clearcutting Evacuating in a solitary cutting the entirety of the overstory trees in a remain to build up another substitute a sans shade condition is known as an unmistakable or clean cut collect. Contingent upon species and geography, reforestation can occurâ by regular seeding, direct seeding, planting, or growing. See my component on clearcutting: The Debate Over Clearcutting Every individual obvious territory is a unit wherein recovery, development, and yield are observed and overseen explicitly for wood creation. That doesn't imply that all trees will be cut. Certain trees or gatherings of trees might be left for untamed life, and cradle strips are kept up to secure streams, wetlands, and extraordinary territories. Basic tree species recovered utilizing clearcutting incorporate the southern pines, Douglas-fir, red and white oak, jack pine, white birch, aspen, and yellow-poplar.

Court Case Brief, National Bellas Hess Inc. - 275 Words

Court Case Brief, National Bellas Hess Inc. (Essay Sample) Content: Court Case Brief:NameInstitutionIntroductionThe appellant, National Bellas Hess Inc. is a mail order house of various customer merchandises, with its primary place of trade in Kansas City, Missouri. The appellant has no touchable holdings in Illinois and has no representative, sales channels, solicitors, or telephones catalog in Illinois and does the mail order house advertise thereby neither television, radio, newspaper, nor billboards (National Bellas Hess v. Department of Revenue, 1967). The Department of Revenue (appellee), obtained a judgment that National Bellas Hess Inc. is expected to accumulate and pay use taxes to the State from the Illinois Supreme Court, upon customers who buy National Bellas Hess goods for consumption within the state. The appellant mailed catalogues to clients throughout the U.S. including Illinois. Illinois State attempted to force the appellant to collect a use tax from its clients.FactsCitation: [386 U.S. 753, 754]The Supreme Court i n 1967 held in National Belles Hess, Inc. v. Department of Revenue that Illinois cannot require Bellas Hess to collect its use tax. Initially, this decision had a small and limited effect on the state taxes (Jennings, 2017). First, the decision was one in a long line of cases holding that the Constitution prohibited states from imposing sales taxes on businesses operating in interstate commerce (National Bellas Hess v. Department of Revenue, 1967). Second, the holding applied to a narrow class of transactions; mail order retails sales made by a company outside the state, which had no physical manifestation in the market state (Justia Legal Resources, 2017). The Court thought that such retailers comprised only a small percentage of all retailers in existence and that the rate would remain small for the near future. The appellant received orders from Illinois residents and delivered the merchandise through a common carrier. National Bellas Hess is only licensed to transact business ju st in Missouri where it is principally located and Delaware where it is incorporated (JLR, 2017). The Illinois court gave a ruling wanting the petitioner to pay and collect to the state use tax from the appellants consumers based in the Illinois state despite the seller having no tangible property or representatives in the State.IssueThe appellant sent catalogues to its clients all through U.S. and supplemented this by promoting flyers. The clients send orders for products to the organization, and the organization sends the requested merchandise through a common carrier (JLR, 2017). One of the inquiries that emerge is whether the appellant conducts its operations according to Illinois statute (Jennings, 2017). The Commerce clause disallows a State from forcing the responsibility of use tax payment and collection upon a vendor whose only association with a client in the Government is by common carrier or mail.The court conclusionThe decision of the court required that the previous ru ling be reversed (National Bellas Hess v. Department of Revenue, 1967). The ruling made by the Supreme Court was that a mail order merchant was not obligated to collect Sal...

Managerial Accounting 6e - Chapter 1 Solutions - 5994 Words

Chapter 1 Managerial Accounting: Tools for Decision Making Discussion QUESTIONS Q1-1. Financial accounting is oriented toward external users and is concerned with general-purpose financial statements. These financial accounting statements are highly aggregated, report on relatively long time periods, are oriented toward the past, and must conform to external standards. These standards emphasize the use of objective data. Management accounting is oriented toward internal users and is concerned with special-purpose information. This information may be aggregated or disaggregated, depending on need, and the reporting period may be long or short, depending on need. The information is oriented primarily toward the future and does†¦show more content†¦3. Activity cost drivers are specific units of work (activities) performed to serve customers’ needs that consume costly resources. Q1-10. Activities consume resources that cost money. Q1-11. Top management can help to set an ethical tone in the organization by ensuring that the company has a code of ethics and demonstrating its support for the code, but more importantly by leading the organization with ethical behavior. Q1-12. Many ethical dilemmas involve actions that are perceived to have desirable short-run consequences and highly probable undesirable long-run consequences. The ethical action is to face an undesirable situation now to avoid a worse situation later. Yet, the decision maker may prefer to believe that things will work out in the long run, be overly concerned with the consequences of not doing well in the short run, or simply not care about the future because the problem will then belong to someone else. MINI EXERCISES M1-13. 1. l 2. n 3. o 4. e 5. b 6. i 7. c 8. f 9. a 10. d 11. g 12. h 13. j 14. k 15. m M1-14. a. Management accounting b. Financial accounting c. Financial accounting d. Management accounting e. Management accounting f. Management accounting g. Financial accounting h. Financial accounting i. Financial accounting j. Management accounting k. Management accounting l. Financial accounting M1-15. a. Strategy b. Mission c. Mission d. Mission e. Goal f. Strategy g. Goal h. Strategy i.Show MoreRelatedWeek 3 Acct25221194 Words   |  5 PagesACCT2522 Management Accounting 1 Session 1, 2013 Tutorial Week 3 – Cost basics Overall Theme We will explore fundamental assumptions of cost functions and discuss the relationships between cost behaviour, cost estimation and cost prediction. The concept of cost driver analysis and its application to cost estimation and cost management will also be discussed. We will also describe how to estimate cost behaviour using managerial judgment, engineering methods and other quantitative techniques. 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An Outsider s Perspective On An Alcoholics Anonymous...

An Outsider’s Perspective on an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting I was given this assignment to do as an observation on an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting and had to write a paper on what I have observed. I did not know if I could do this without feeling self-indulgence toward the members. After speaking to a member, I could not believe the sensation of listening to that person’s short history of battling Alcoholism. I m glad to be there to learn their negative and positive outcomes in their lives. Group Information I attended a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) consisted of men and women in a group related to their own environment. This is an open meeting to the public at Awakening Serenity Club on the corner of Dracaea Avenue in Moreno Valley on September 30th at 7:00 p.m. It s a place where most students would not likely come to because there are no street lights; it s very dark at night. I felt the presence of uneasiness in my stomach existing from this environment. I did not know what the expectation was to be expected at this meeting. Regardless of that, I arrived a little early and saw a group of people socializing outside and smoking in the entry way of the Club. I proceeded to walk through the group of people; they said hello to me, and it made me feel at ease. As I entered into the Club there was a strong odor of cigarette smoke in the air that shortened my breath. I observed the surrounding room and noticed it is a square shape room with a big square table toShow MoreRelatedSociol ogy and Group41984 Words   |  168 Pagesclear goal. . According to your textbook, a group s context refers to a. the type and size of the group. b. the group s physical and psychological setting. c. the group s purpose, history, and status. d. the characteristics of and relationships among group members. e. all of the above. Answer: e. all of the above. . 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Essay On Analytical Chemistry Example For Students

Essay On Analytical Chemistry Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry is the branch of chemistry principally concernedwith determining the chemical composition of materials, which may be solids,liquids, gases, pure elements, compounds, or complex mixtures. In addition,chemical analysis can characterize materials but determining their molecularstructures and measuring such physical properties as pH, color, and solubility. Wet analysis involves the studying of substances that have been submerged in asolution and microanalysis uses substances in very small amounts. Qualitative chemical analysis is used to detect and identify one or moreconstituents of a sample. This process involves a wide variety of tests. Ideally, the tests should be simple, direct, and easily performed with availableinstruments and chemicals. Test results may be an instrument reading, andobservation of a physical property, or a chemical reaction. Reactions used inqualitative analysis may attempt to cause a characteristic color, odor,precipitate, or gas appear. Identification of an unknown substance isaccomplished when a known one is found with identical properties. If none isfound, the uknown substance must be a newly identified chemical. Tests shouldnot use up excessive amounts of a material to be identified. Most chemicalmethods of qualitative analysis require a very small amount of the sample. Advance instrumental techniques often use less than one millionth of a gram. Anexample of this is mass spectrometry. Quantitative chemical analysis is used to determine the amounts ofconstituents. Most work in analytical chemistry is quantitative. It is alsothe most difficult. In principle the analysis is simple. One measures theamount of sample. In practice, however, the analysis is often complicated byinterferences among sample constituents and chemical separations are necessaryto isolate tthe analyte or remove interfering constituents. The choice of method depends on a number of factors: Speed, Cost,Accuracy, Convenience, Available equipment, Number of samples, Size of sample,Nature of sample, and Expected concentration. Because these factors areinterrelated any final choice of analytical method involves compromises and itis impossible to specify a single best method to carry out a given analysis inall laboratories under all conditions. Since analyses are carried out undersmall amounts one must be careful when dealing with heterogeneous materials. Carefullly designed sampling techniques must be used to obtan representativesamples. Preparing solid samples for analysis usually involves grinding to reduceparticle size and ensure homogeneity and drying. Solid samples are weighedusing an accurate analytical balance. Liquid or gaseous samples are measureedby volume using accurately calibrated glassware or flowmeters. Many, but notall, analyses are carried out on solutions of the sample. Solid samples thatare insoluble in water must be treated chemically to dissolve them without anyloss of analyte. Dissolving intractable substances such as ores, plastics, oranimal tisure is sometimes extremely difficult and time consuming. A most demanding step in many analytical procedures is isolating theanalyte or separating from it those sample constituents that otherwise wouldinterfere with its measurement. Most of the chemical and physical properties onwhich the final measurement rests are not specific. Consequently, a variety ofseparation methods have been developed to cope with the interference problem. Some common separation methods are precipitation, distillation, extraction intoan immiscible solvent, and various chromatography procedures. Loss of analyteduring separation procedures must be guarded against. The purpose of allearlier steps in an analysis is to make the final measurement a true indicationof the quantity of analyte in the sample. Many types of final measurement arepossible, including gravimetric and volumetric analysis. Modern analysis usessophisticated instruments to measure a wide variety of optical, electrochemical,and other physical properties of the analyte. .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 , .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .postImageUrl , .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 , .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978:hover , .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978:visited , .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978:active { border:0!important; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978:active , .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978 .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c6d59d8579df84be4e6e5166607a978:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maya Angelou Short Bio (Team Harmony Requirement) EssayMethods of chemical analysis are frequently classified as classical andinstrumental, depending on the techniques and equipment used. Many of themethods currently used are of relatively recent origin and employ sophisticatedinstruments to measure physical properties of molecules, atoms, and ions. Suchinstruments have been made possible by spectacular advances in electronics,including computer and microprocessor development. Instrumental measurementscan sometimes be carried out without separating the constituents of interestfrom the rest of the sample, but often the instrumental measurement is the finalstep following sep aration of the sampless components, frequently by means ofone or another type of chromatography. One of the best instrumental method is various types of spectroscopy. All materials absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation to varying extents,depending of their electronic structure. Therefore, studies of theelectromagnetic spectrum of a material yield scientific information. Manyspectroscopic methods are based upon the exposure of a sample substance toelectromagnetic radiation. Measurements are then made of how the intensity ofradiation absorbed, emitted,

PepsiCo Inc. International Business Strategy

Introduction Increasing effects of globalization and the rising international business competition have prompted businessmen, organizations and corporations to rethink their global business strategy. International business strategies have become very important in the wake of increasing globalization, as well as, internationalization of established local companies as they attempt to increase their values in the market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on PepsiCo Inc. International Business Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Corporations are adopting various strategies such as product standardization and differentiation, adaptation, as well as, product diversification to capture both the domestic and the international market. International business strategy refers to the business plans adopted by corporations and businesses in the global business environment to provide services and products consumers ac ross the globe. Corporations and businesses are therefore developing and adopting strategies which can meet their short and long-term goals. Most corporations have international partners at least at some levels of supply chain to help them overcome the complexities in the international business environment, and as a result, compete favorably in the international market. PepsiCo Inc PepsiCo Inc is among such corporations that apply several global strategies to increase its value in the international market, and to expand its market share. PepsiCo Inc has its headquarters in Purchase, Harrison, New York in the US. The company deals in manufacturing, marketing, as well as, distribution of beverages and grain-based snack foods among other products. The company was first established in the 1890s in the state of Delaware and has since expanded over the years to become a multinational corporation. Its expansion has majorly been through mergers and acquisition. The biggest merger was undert aken in 1965 between Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay Inc. to form PepsiCo. Inc.; this has become its brand name to-date. After the merger, the company’s headquarters was transferred from Manhattan, Delaware to Purchase, New York five years later. Since 1970s, PepsiCo has expanded through acquisition of businesses within and outside of its core focus which has mainly been in beverage, as well as, packaged food brands. It has also exited some of its non-core functions business lines especially in 1997. In 1998, the company bought Tropicana brand together with all the products going by the name.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 2001 Pepsi efforts to expand into the soft drink market saw it merge with Quaker Oats Company. Subsequently, in 2001, the company merged with to support the expansion of its sports drinks line and other brands, while also buying majori ty shares into Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods, a Russian dairy product company (Betsy, Dana Guy 2010). Today, it operates in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. It categorizes its global operations into four main divisions which include PepsiCo Americas Beverages, PepsiCo Americas Foods, PepsiCo Europe, and PepsiCo Asia, Middle East and Africa, with 36% of its products being beverages. The rest constitute food products. PepsiCo Inc has several hundreds of brands in the market (PepsiCo Inc. 2010). Today, its products sell in more than 200 countries, and operate in more than 40 countries across the globe. Its last market division, Asia, the Middle East and Africa has to be exploited adequately to realize the full benefits of its global strategies. Currently, its major countries of operations in the division include India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, China, Russia and Philippines. Planned investments in the United Arab Emirates Among the countries the corporation is pla nning to expand its operations in is the United Arab Emirates. The company looks to developing countries to maintain its sales especially in Asia, where it already commands 26% market share in the beverage sector (PepsiCo Inc. 2010). PepsiCo’S management seeks to achieve sustainable and consistent growth in profits of 15%. It therefore plans to expand its PepsiCo Beverages International into the country by the end of 2012. The brands to be introduced into this market include Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi, Mug brands, Gatorade, Pepsi Max and Tropicana Dew Slice, Pepsi One, sierra Mist, as well as Slice which are already doing well in the market (Gary Beene’s Pepsi, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on PepsiCo Inc. International Business Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Possible challenges in the United Arab Emirates Regulatory challenges PepsiCo Inc. is likely to experience several re gulatory challenges. There are restrictions on new foreign companies which plan to set sup offices, as well as, conduct direct sales in the UAE. Among these regulatory challenges include climate change regulations in the country. Environmental sustainability has become a critical global issue and the UAE government requires every company to develop plans on how it will achieve environmental sustainability before it is licensed and given permit to operate in the country. The government requires every company to come up with a comprehensive, as well as, practical approach on how it plans to maximize energy usage, reduce water usage and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. PepsiCo’s production facilities are among the largest water consumers across the globe. Water usage in the UAE is a big problem and as such the company needs to look for alternatives to avoid running into problem with authorities. The company’s energy use is also likely to meet tough regulatory challenges . Production of its plastic packages consumes billions of gallons of petrochemicals. Emissions reduction is a major focus of the UAE environmental legislations. The government may only allow PepsiCo Inc to operate in the country under strict compliance to the environment regulations due to its high carbon emission. The government of UAE has also drafted strict laws governing waste management, which is likely to threaten PepsiCo’s usage of plastic bottles for packages. The other regulatory challenge that it is likely to face is meeting the set safety standards put in place by the country’s ministry of health and the Bureau of UAE Standards to guide soft drink ingredients. The ratio of ingredients on each of its beverages has to be tested in the Bureau of UAE Standards laboratory to verify whether they meet the local standards. The chemicals in the ingredients have to be within the tolerance limits for every product that the company produces to be allowed to operate in U AE. PepsiCo will be forced to meet the guidelines of the ministry of health which require beverage and food companies not to market or distribute foods and beverages which have high calories such as carbonated soft drinks to children.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These guidelines are also in the International Council of Beverages Associations regulations (Fredrix 2010). The laws concerning credit repayment could also pose a major challenge to the company’s activities in UAE. In the UAE, any company that fails to pay its creditors within 30 days must file for bankruptcy; otherwise it faces bankruptcy charges, which is a criminal offense in the country. Loan repayments are also not flexible due to non-existent structured bankruptcy laws in the country. Any company that fails to repay its loan within the stipulated time faces criminal sanctions. According to Arnold (2009) insolvency laws in the country are inefficient and therefore discourage investment into the country. Furthermore, creditors acquire an average of $10.2 cents whenever a company in the country files for bankruptcy. It may take as long as five years to close a company in the country meaning that the cost of closing a company in the UAE is high (Arnold 2009). As a requirem ent for every new foreign firm that enters UAE, PepsiCo will have to find a local sponsor for itself and its employees (New Zealand Trade and Enterprise 2009, 10). The sponsor in this case can be an institution within UAE or a UAE citizen who does not have to be involved in business. The company has to pay the sponsor to provide the lawfully required administrative functions. The laws governing foreign company ownership in the UAE could also affect PepsiCo’s business structure. Should the company decide to establish its operations in the country to allow it conduct direct business, then it has to engage in a joint venture with domestic company or a UAE citizen, who must retain a minimum of 51% stake in the venture, as is required by law (New Zealand Trade and Enterprise 2009, 10). Cultural Challenges The cultural environment in the UAE is highly influenced by the Islamic religion, which forms the foundation for the culture of its people, and the laws governing business operat ions in the country. Considering that Muslims are the majority population in the country, PepsiCo will be limited to manufacturing and distributing of soft drinks. It is against Muslim religion and culture to take alcohol (New Zealand Trade and Enterprise 2009, 11). The Islamic religion requires that all Muslims attend prayer meetings five times a day. This is likely to interrupt smooth operations of the company’s activities. Besides, during summer, which occurs in July and August, many senior decision-makers in the country go on vacation due to extreme heat, as well as humidity, and therefore it is not possible to hold high-level business meetings. This also happens during the period of Ramadan when business schedules are disrupted or shortened. During the same period, the company’s business is also likely to be affected since all Muslims fast from dawn to. Besides, nobody, including non-Muslims is allowed to eat or drink in public during that period (New Zealand Trad e and Enterprise 2009, 11-12). Economic Challenges Availability of raw materials is likely to be the major challenge for PepsiCo in the UAE. Most of PepsiCo’s raw materials are agricultural products. However, the climatic conditions of the region do not favor agricultural production and therefore relies on imports for its agricultural raw materials and food products. This will increase the company’s cost of production since it has to import and transport raw materials. The financial institutions in the UAE are not well established, and therefore are likely to be affected by external macro-economic shocks (Zogby 2011). This means that stock market collapse or even another banking crisis in the Middle East or in major world economies can highly damage its financial institutions. This may affect the financial operations of PepsiCo in the country should such crisis occur. As a result, this will reduce the company’s economies of scale as the risks become a reality. P epsiCo could also face labor challenges in the United Arab Emirates. Although UAE has population that can affectively supply labor to firms within the country, there are few experts as most of UAE nationals possess low levels of qualifications (Zogby 2011). The percentage of UAE nationals who have high levels of education and experts in various fields are still low, and this means that PepsiCo will be forced to hire experts from abroad especially its executives. This could possibly increase the company’s labor cost and hence the cost of operation. Besides, UAE government bans entry of citizens from specific countries such as Israel. It has also enforced quotas for employing young nationals (Zogby 2011). This could limit PepsiCo’s ability to choose talented and skilled employees from a wider demographic. Worse still, it is very difficult to fire UAE nationals for under-performance (Zogby 2011). Competition is also another major challenge for PepsiCo while entering the U AE market. Major global beverage companies like Coca-Cola, Nestle and Cadbury are already operating in the UAE. Achieving customer loyalty especially in a market that has been majorly dominated by Coca-Cola, its main rival, could be difficult considering that advertisements targeting UAE consumers have to be modest. It will therefore be forced to be more creative and innovative to capture the market. PepsiCo’s plans to counter the challenges In order for the company to meet the requirements of the UAE environmental regulations, it will have to adopt its â€Å"positive water balance† strategy similar to the one it applies in India to replenish its water usage in its manufacturing plants (Gunther 2007). It will also implement machinery that captures water naturally contained in some of its agricultural raw materials to offset its water needs. It also plans to drop the production of its discretionary products like Aquafina in favor of water conservation (Gunther 2007). It will also establish a plant for recycling its beverage bottles and cans, as well as, recycling machine kiosks to meet the requirements of waste management by the government (Environmental Leader 2010). The recycling kiosks will be stationed in public places such petrol and gas stations, public parks among other places. It plans to involve local NGOs to encourage community involvement in the program. To further comply with the environmental regulations of the country, PepsiCo plans to deploy its green vending machines to reduce energy usage in its manufacturing plants, and therefore reduce carbon emission by a about 15% (Martin 2009). In order to meet the ministry of health’s requirements, it plans to change the composition of the ingredients it uses to make its products so as to meet the nutrition needs of the country (Byrnes 2010). The company also plans to make major acquisitions of some dairy and fruit farms in New Zealand, which is UAE’s trading partner to produce its agricultural raw materials. This would make it easier for the company to acquire raw materials since there are no duties charged on agricultural raw materials especially from New Zealand. In order for the company to compete favorably in UAE, it will first enter the market by producing brands which are already doing well in Saudi Arabia. As part of its marketing strategy, the company plans to use public figures in UAE in its advertisement campaigns in the country. In addition, it will also adopt brand names which the locals find easy to pronounce. Besides, it will only major on producing soft drinks to meet the cultural practices of the majority population. PepsiCo’s entry level Corporate strategy PepsiCo can enter UAE through joint ventures, appointing a commercial agent, and authorization to a domestic firm through franchising agreement or licensing. Although PepsiCo can enter UAE market without establishing local offices within the country by contracting a commercial a gent, it can better achieve its international expansion strategy through joint ventures with local beverage firms. However, PepsiCo has to retain the services of a lawyer who is familiar with the local and the US laws and practices while drafting an agreement with the domestic company it chooses to deal with. Joint ventures will enhance the company’s capabilities and enable it access complementary resources which it needs to achieve economies of scale (Elo 2009, 2). Using this strategy, it is able to bring its unique technologies and new products into the market cheaply and faster, and more reliably and efficiently as opposed to what it could achieve alone as a new player in the market. Such partnerships will give PepsiCo certain position and status in the UAE’s business environment, as well as, its environs. This will allow the company to benefit from the networks already created and social capital by the local company to navigate in the environment (Beamish Lupton 2 009, 75). Through joint ventures, PepsiCo will use the existing market position of the local company to establish its brands in UAE’s market. This corporate strategy will also provide the company with access to political connections as well as new market segments. PepsiCo will enter production joint venture with local beverage companies in the manufacture of its products, and contract manufacturing joint ventures with other bottlers for the manufacture of its packaging bottles and cans. The venture will also include recycling. Its strategy is to buy out its partners’ stake in the joint ventures in the near future after it establishes itself in the UAE market. In its operations, PepsiCo plans to integrate the expertise of foreign and local employees, and to bring in its technologies in the production processes. Business level strategy In order for PepsiCo to enter the already competitive beverage market in the UAE, it plans to adopt cost leadership strategy. This will e nable it appeal to price-sensitive customers and the rest of consumers (Kedia, Kroll, Pringle, Wright 1990, 23). This, it will achieve by offering same prices as those products already in the market for larger quantities of its products. For the company to offer lowest prices for its products while still achieving high revenues on its investments, it will have to streamline the existing technology at the local company it enters joint venture agreement with in order establish manufacturing plants which enable it produce high volume output. This will enable the company spread its fixed costs over a larger quantity of units of its products (Kedia, Kroll, Pringle, Wright 1990, 23) to achieve lower unit cost. The distribution of these high outputs will be made possible by the existing distribution networks of the local partner. Besides, the company’s strategy is to assume uniform taste and preference across the various regions within UAE, and therefore offer standardized product s in high volumes. This means that it will limit customization of products that it sells in the country as much as possible. Besides, most of the joint venture’s expansion will be located in areas that attract low rents and wages paid to its workforce. It will also institute competitive bidding for its supply and procurements to help it achieve low cost of operations. It also plans to purchase its raw materials in bulk to benefit from quantity discounts. These strategies will help the company maintain its low pricing strategy. Functional level strategy PepsiCo will adopt operations strategy as its functional level strategy so as to align it with its business level strategy since the latter majorly deals with reducing production cost. Operations strategy will enable the company add value to its products. The strategy will give the company the capacity to meet the requirements of the governments, and satisfy consumers by adopting technologies that will enable it produce high qu ality products (Lewis Slack 2001, 9). This will in turn give it an upper hand over some of its competitors and produce large quantities of products, and hence benefit from economies of scale. According to this strategy, the company will have to consider the core capabilities of the joint venture, together redesign the mission and value of the partner company, and to consider the customers value, which in this case is their Islamic culture. It will be able to take care of the government’s pollution concerns, and will also adopt new technologies, and invent new products to achieve competitive advantage over other beverage companies in the market. It will have to adjust its marketing strategies, workforce, technology and financial management to reflect the needs of the market. Under this strategy, it will have to change the venture’s physical structures especially in the manufacturing plants to achieve high production volumes. This could involve the adoption of ERP syste ms. Automated equipment will help the company achieve efficient production and added value products. Conclusion Any company considering achieving successful international business strategy has to integrate various strategies and initiatives. The company has to consider its core capabilities, the opportunities available, its weaknesses, and the challenges it is likely to face while expanding its operation into a new market. The company must devise ways of mitigating the possible challenges, and adopt strategies which are in line with its vision and mission for the target market. Reference List Arnold, T., 2009. World Bank: reform UAE insolvency law. The National. [Online] available from http://www.thenational.ae/business/banking/world-bank-reform-uae-insolvency- laws Beamish, P. W., Lupton, N. C., 2009. Managing joint ventures. Academy of management perspectives, pp. 75-94. Betsy, M., Dana, C., Guy, C., 2010. Pepsi juices up in Russia. The Wall Street  Journal. [Online] availabl e from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870337750457565025277719580 6.html. Byrnes, N., 2010. Pepsi brings in the health police. Bloomberg Businessweek. [Online] available from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_04/b4164050511214.htm. Elo, M., 2009. International expansion through joint venture: Situations and strategies from a network perspective. 25th IMP Conference, Marseille. WIP Paper. [Online] available from http://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/7322.pdf Environmental Leader., 2010. PepsiCo, Coca-Cola Roll Out Recycling Initiatives. Environmental Leader. 3 June 2010. Web. Available from http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/06/03/pepsico-coca-cola-roll-out- recycling-initiatives/ Fredrix, E., 2010. Pepsi plans to stop selling sugary drinks in schools worldwide.  The Huffington Post. Gary Beene’s Pepsi., 2011. Information center. Web. Available from http://www.garybeene.com/pepsi/pep-now.htm#parent Gunther, M., 2007. Bottled water: No l onger cool?. Fortune / CNN Money. [Online] available from http://money.cnn.com/2007/04/24/news/economy/pluggedin_gunther_water.fortu ne/index.htm. Kedia, B., Kroll, M., Pringle, C., Wright, P., 1990. Strategic profiles, market share, and business performance. Industrial Management, pp23-28. Lewis, M., Slack, N., 2001, Operations strategy. New York: Financial Times Prentice- Hall. Martin, A., 2009. How green Is my orange?. The New York Times. [Online] available from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22pepsi.html?_r=2. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise., 2009. Unite Arab Emirates country brief. Dubai: New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. Web. Available from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/48562365/United-Arab-Emirates-country-brief PepsiCo, Inc., 2010. NYSE:PEP : Second Quarter 2010 Earnings Preview. IStock Analyst. Web. Available from http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewarticle/articleid/4311403 . PepsiCo Inc., 2006. Annual Review. Performance with Purpose. Web. Available from http://www.pepsico.com/PEP_Investors/AnnualReports/06/PepsiCo2006Annual.p df Zogby, J., 2011. Arab Gulf business prospects and challenges. Al-Ahram Weekly,  1050. [Online] available from http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1050/re11.htm This research paper on PepsiCo Inc. International Business Strategy was written and submitted by user Landon Bowers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.